Joomla is an open-source CMS that is mainly contains contents that are PHP written and uses a Mysql database and the first version was released on September 16, 2005.
Features of Joomla -
* Web Indexing
* RSS feeds
* Cached page to performance improvement
*Printable pages
*Flash news
*Blogs
*Forums
*Calendars
*Site Searches
*Polls
*Multi-languages
Joomla! was started by an Australian company name Miro Corporation and ten base developers. The corporation after dividing with others formed a non-profit foundation in order to fund the dream project.
In order to provide information to others, the team then developed OpenSourceMatters.This increased the publicity of the team work project and also covered the news section with the base questions answered by the CEO of Miro Corporation.
This will mainly explains you on how to setup SSL on IIS 5.0, making use of Certificate Server 2.0 as Certificate Provider -
1) Web server Certificate request -
a)Start Internet Service Manager>Right Click on the websites on which you want to
enable SSL>Go on Properties>Directory Security tab>Server Certificate to start
Web Server Certificate Wizard.
b) Next>Create a new certificate
c) Next>Name the certificate>Select Server Gated Cryptography
d) Next>Select type of organizational Unit
e) Next>Common name (, if the URL is https://www.mydomain.com/securedir, then
the common name must be www.mydomain.com.
f) Next>Type Country, State, City or locality.
g) Next>Select Location and file name.
h) Next twice>Finish
2) Process of Certificate Server Request -
a) CAServerName/CertSrv >Request Certificate
b) Next>Advance request>Next>Submit Certificate request making use of base64
encoded PKCS #10 file/renewal request using a base64 encoded PKCS #7 file.
c) Next>Request file that is saved from Web certificate wizard in Notepad>Past Entire
Text of file>submit>Pending Certificate dialog box arises>If Download asked>Skip
to step 2>Close Browser>Open Certification Authority MMC>Open>expand tree
under the server name>select Pending requests folder.
d) Right-click on the certificate that is submitted>Click All Task>Click Issue>Close
CA MMC.
e) Open a new browser Windows browse to URL>Check on pending
Certificate>Next>Select earlier Request>Next>DER encoded>Click Download CA
certificate>Save file>Close Browser.
3) Finish processing IIS request and enabling SSL -
a) Internet Information Services MMC> right-click the Web site on which you want to
enable SSL> Properties> Directory Security tab> Server Certificate.
b) Next> Process the pending request> install the certificate.
c) Next>Enter path/file name saved> Next twice> Finish.
d) Web Site tab>Default port is 443>OK>Close Web Site Properties dialog Box.
SSL now can be used on the server. The Url now will be https:// instead of http://.
0x800CCC00 LOAD_SICILY_FAILED - Authentication did not load.
0x800CCC01 INVALID_CERT_CN – Invalid certificate content
0x800CCC02 INVALID_CERT_DATE – Invalid certificate date.
0x800CCC03 ALREADY_CONNECTED – User already connected.
0x800CCC04 – CONN
0x800CCC05 NOT_CONNECTED – Not connected to server.
0x800CCC06 CONN_SEND
0x800CCC07 WOULD_BLOCK
0x800CCC08 INVALID_STATE
0x800CCC09 CONN_RECV
0x800CCC0A INCOMPLETE – Message download incomplete.
0x800CCC0B BUSY Server or maildrop is busy.
0x800CCC0C NOT_INIT
0x800CCC0D CANT_FIND_HOST – Cannot locate server.
0x800CCC0E FAILED_TO_CONNECT – Cannot connect to server.
0x800CCC0F CONNECTION_DROPPED – Connection closed.
0x800CCC10 INVALID_ADDRESS – Address not known on server.
0x800CCC11 INVALID_ADDRESS_LIST – Mailing list not known on server.
0x800CCC12 SOCKET_READ_ERROR – Unable to send Winsock request.
0x800CCC13 SOCKET_WRITE_ERROR – Unable to read Winsock reply.
0x800CCC14 SOCKET_INIT_ERROR – Unable to initialize Winsock.
0x800CCC15 SOCKET_CONNECT_ERROR – Unable to open Windows Socket.
0x800CCC16 INVALID_ACCOUNT – User account not recognized.
0x800CCC17 USER_CANCEL – User canceled operation.
0x800CCC18 SICILY_LOGON_FAILED – Logon attempt failed.
0x800CCC19 – TIMEOUT
0x800CCC1A SECURE_CONNECT_FAILED – Unable to connect using SSL.
0x800CCC40 WINSOCK_WSASYSNOTREADY – Network subsystem is unusable.
0x800CCC41 WINSOCK_WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED
0x800CCC42 WINSOCK_WSAEPROCLIM
0x800CCC43 WINSOCK_WSAEFAULT – Bad address.
0x800CCC44 WINSOCK_FAILED_WSASTARTUP – Unable to load Windows Sockets.
0x800CCC45 WINSOCK_WSAEINPROGRESS – Operation now in progress.
0x800CCC60 SMTP_RESPONSE_ERROR – Invalid response.
0x800CCC61 SMTP_UNKNOWN_RESPONSE_CODE – Unknown error code.
0x800CCC62 SMTP_500_SYNTAX_ERROR – Syntax error returned.
0x800CCC63 SMTP_501_PARAM_SYNTAX – Parameter syntax incorrect.
0x800CCC64 SMTP_502_COMMAND_NOTIMPL – Command not implemented.
0x800CCC65 SMTP_503_COMMAND_SEQ – Improper command sequence.
0x800CCC66 SMTP_504_COMMAND_PARAM_NOTIMPL – Command not implemented.
0x800CCC67 SMTP_421_NOT_AVAILABLE – Command not available.
0x800CCC68 SMTP_450_MAILBOX_BUSY – Mailbox is locked and busy.
0x800CCC69 SMTP_550_MAILBOX_NOT_FOUND – Mailbox not found.
0x800CCC6A SMTP_451_ERROR_PROCESSING – Error processing request.
0x800CCC6B SMTP_551_USER_NOT_LOCAL
0x800CCC6C SMTP_452_NO_SYSTEM_STORAGE – No space to store messages.
0x800CCC6D SMTP_552_STORAGE_OVERFLOW – Storage limit exceeded.
0x800CCC6E SMTP_553_MAILBOX_NAME_SYNTAX – Invalid mailbox name syntax.
0x800CCC6F SMTP_554_TRANSACT_FAILED – Transaction failed.
0x800CCC78 SMTP_REJECTED_SENDER
0x800CCC79 SMTP_REJECTED_RECIPIENTS – Server rejected recipients.
0x800CCC7A SMTP_NO_SENDER – No sender address specified.
0x800CCC7B SMTP_NO_RECIPIENTS – No recipients specified.
0x800420CB POP3_NO_STORE – Mail cannot be stored on server
0x800CCC90 POP3_RESPONSE_ERROR – Client response invalid.
0x800CCC91 POP3_INVALID_USER_NAME – Invalid user name or user not found.
0x800CCC92 POP3_INVALID_PASSWORD – Password not valid for account.
0x800CCC93 POP3_PARSE_FAILURE – Unable to interpret response.
0x800CCC94 POP3_NEED_STAT STAT – Command required.
0x800CCC95 POP3_NO_MESSAGES – No messages on server.
0x800CCC96 POP3_NO_MARKED_MESSAGES – No messages marked for retrieval.
0x800CCC97 POP3_POPID_OUT_OF_RANGE – Message ID out of range.
0x800CCCA0 NNTP_RESPONSE_ERROR – News server response error.
0x800CCCA1 NNTP_NEWGROUPS_FAILED – Newsgroup access failed.
0x800CCCA2 NNTP_LIST_FAILED LIST – command to server failed.
0x800CCCA3 NNTP_LISTGROUP_FAILED – Unable to display list.
0x800CCCA4 NNTP_GROUP_FAILED – Unable to open group.
0x800CCCA5 NNTP_GROUP_NOTFOUND – Group not on server.
0x800CCCA6 NNTP_ARTICLE_FAILED – Message not on server.
0x800CCCA7 NNTP_HEAD_FAILED – Message header not found.
0x800CCCA8 NNTP_BODY_FAILED – Message body not found.
0x800CCCA9 NNTP_POST_FAILED – Unable to post to server.
0x800CCCAA NNTP_NEXT_FAILED – Unable to open next message.
0x800CCCAB NNTP_DATE_FAILED – Unable to display date.
0x800CCCAC NNTP_HEADERS_FAILED – Unable to display headers.
0x800CCCAD NNTP_XHDR_FAILED – Unable to display MIME headers.
0x800CCCAE NNTP_INVALID_USERPASS – Invalid user or password.
0x800CCCC2 RAS_NOT_INSTALLED RAS/DUN – not installed.
0x800CCCC3 RAS_PROCS_NOT_FOUND RAS/DUN – process not found.
0x800CCCC4 RAS_ERROR RAS/DUN – error returned.
0x800CCCC5 RAS_INVALID_CONNECTOID – Connectoid damaged or missing.
0x800CCCC6 RAS_GET_DIAL_PARAMS – Error getting dial settings
0x800CCCD1 IMAP_LOGINFAILURE – Login failed.
0x800CCCD2 IMAP_TAGGED_NO_RESPONSE – Message tagged.
0x800CCCD3 IMAP_BAD_RESPONSE – Invalid response to request.
0x800CCCD4 IMAP_SVR_SYNTAXERR – Syntax error.
0x800CCCD5 IMAP_NOTIMAPSERVER – Not an IMAP server.
0x800CCCD6 IMAP_BUFFER_OVERFLOW – Buffer limit exceeded.
0x800CCCD7 IMAP_RECVR_ERROR – Recovery error.
0x800CCCD8 IMAP_INCOMPLETE_LINE – Incomplete data.
0x800CCCD9 IMAP_CONNECTION_REFUSED – Connection not allowed.
0x800CCCDA IMAP_UNRECOGNIZED_RESP – Unknown response.
0x800CCCDB IMAP_CHANGEDUID – User ID has changed.
0x800CCCDC IMAP_UIDORDER – User ID command failed.
0x800CCCDD IMAP_UNSOLICITED_BYE – Unexpected disconnect.
0x800CCCDE IMAP_IMPROPER_SVRSTATE – invalid server state.
0x800CCCDF IMAP_AUTH_NOT_POSSIBLE – Unable to authorize client.
0x800CCCE0 IMAP_OUT_OF_AUTH_METHODS – No more authorization types.
To split a big file use the following command
split –bytes=sizeoffileyouwanttosplit filename
(split –bytes=1000m backup.tar.gz)
To join them again use
echo file1 << file2
Maintaing the kernel Security is one of the important task in Sys.Admin especially against the hackers. So friends following are some of the tips which will help to manage the kernel security through /proc pseudo-filesystem, Quite a few files /proc/sys are directly related to security. The parameter just need to have a flag(boolean value) set.
Enabled if contains a 1 and disables if contains 0 , Many of the options are under /proc/sys/net/ipv4
Such as ..
icmp_echo_ignore_all : Ignore all ICMP ECHO requests ( Ping Request)
ip_forward : Enables or disables the forwarding of IP packets between interfaces depending on the kernel is configured as a host or router.
For example just take a look at this command.
echo “0″ > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
The above command will deny all the ping request on the server.
The command sysctl -A will show the kernel configuration parameters set on the server, Basically the command reads the configuation file /etc/sysctl.conf after each reboot.
Caution !! Don’t try this with other parameters which you are not aware of. Otherwise the results maybe a KERNEL PANIC…
ps ax | grep imap
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/imapd.rc start
su: /usr/local/etc/rc.d/imapd.rc: No such file or directory
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/imapd.sh start
Utility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup or for transferring the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump will contain SQL statements to create the table and/or populate the table.
Syntax:
Code:
shell> mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]
OR mysqldump [OPTIONS] –databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
OR mysqldump [OPTIONS] –all-databases [OPTIONS]
If you don’t give any tables or use the –databases or –all-databases, the whole database(s) will be dumped.
You can get a list of the options your version of mysqldump supports by executing
Code:
mysqldump –help.
Note that if you run mysqldump without –quick or –opt, mysqldump will load the whole result set into memory before dumping the result. This will probably be a problem if you are dumping a big database.
Note that if you are using a new copy of the mysqldump program and you are going to do a dump that will be read into a very old MySQL server, you should not use the –opt or -e options.
mysqldump supports the following options:
–add-locks
Add LOCK TABLES before and UNLOCK TABLE after each table dump. (To get faster inserts into MySQL.)
–add-drop-table
Add a drop table before each create statement.
-A, –all-databases
Dump all the databases. This will be same as –databases with all databases selected. -a, –all
Include all MySQL-specific create options.
–allow-keywords
Allow creation of column names that are keywords. This works by prefixing each column name with the table name.
-c, –complete-insert
Use complete insert statements (with column names).
-C, –compress
Compress all information between the client and the server if both support compression.
-B, –databases
To dump several databases. Note the difference in usage. In this case no tables are given. All name arguments are regarded as database names. USE db_name; will be included in the output before each new database.
–delayed Insert rows with the INSERT DELAYED command.
-e, –extended-insert
Use the new multiline INSERT syntax. (Gives more compact and faster inserts statements.)
-#, –debug[=option_string]
Trace usage of the program (for debugging).
–help
Display a help message and exit.
–fields-terminated-by=…
–fields-enclosed-by=…
–fields-optionally-enclosed-by=…
–fields-escaped-by=…
–lines-terminated-by=…
These options are used with the -T option and have the same meaning as the corresponding clauses for LOAD DATA INFILE.
-F, –flush-logs
Flush log file in the MySQL server before starting the dump.
-f, –force,
Continue even if we get a SQL error during a table dump.
-h, –host=..
Dump data from the MySQL server on the named host. The default host is localhost. -l, –lock-tables.
Lock all tables before starting the dump. The tables are locked with READ LOCAL to allow concurrent inserts in the case of MyISAM tables. Please note that when dumping multiple databases, –lock-tables will lock tables for each database separately. So using this option will not guarantee your tables will be logically consistent between databases. Tables in different databases may be dumped in completely different states.
-K, –disable-keys
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name DISABLE KEYS */; and /*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name ENABLE KEYS */; will be put in the output. This will make loading the data into a MySQL 4.0 server faster as the indexes are created after all data are inserted.
-n, –no-create-db
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ db_name; will not be put in the output. The above line will be added otherwise, if a –databases or –all-databases option was given.
-t, –no-create-info
Don’t write table creation information (the CREATE TABLE statement).
-d, –no-data
Don’t write any row information for the table. This is very useful if you just want to get a dump of the structure for a table!
–opt
Same as –quick –add-drop-table –add-locks –extended-insert –lock-tables. Should give you the fastest possible dump for reading into a MySQL server.
-pyour_pass, –password[=your_pass]
The password to use when connecting to the server. If you specify no `=your_pass’ part, mysqldump you will be prompted for a password.
-P port_num, –port=port_num
The TCP/IP port number to use for connecting to a host. (This is used for connections to hosts other than localhost, for which Unix sockets are used.)
-q, –quick
Don’t buffer query, dump directly to stdout. Uses mysql_use_result() to do this. -Q, –quote-names
Quote table and column names within “’ characters.
-r, –result-file=…
Direct output to a given file. This option should be used in MSDOS, because it prevents new line `\n’ from being converted to `\n\r’ (new line + carriage return).
–single-transaction
This option issues a BEGIN SQL command before dumping data from server. It is mostly useful with InnoDB tables and READ_COMMITTED transaction isolation level, as in this mode it will dump the consistent state of the database at the time then BEGIN was issued without blocking any applications. When using this option you should keep in mind that only transactional tables will be dumped in a consistent state, e.g., any MyISAM or HEAP tables dumped while using this option may still change state. The –single-transaction option was added in version 4.0.2. This option is mutually exclusive with the –lock-tables option as LOCK TABLES already commits a previous transaction internally.
-S /path/to/socket, –socket=/path/to/socket
The socket file to use when connecting to localhost (which is the default host).
–tables
Overrides option –databases (-B).
-T, –tab=path-to-some-directory
Creates a table_name.sql file, that contains the SQL CREATE commands, and a table_name.txt file, that contains the data, for each give table. The format of the `.txt’ file is made according to the –fields-xxx and –lines–xxx options. Note: This option only works if mysqldump is run on the same machine as the mysqld daemon, and the user/group that mysqld is running as (normally user mysql, group mysql) needs to have permission to create/write a file at the location you specify. -u user_name, –user=user_name
The MySQL user name to use when connecting to the server. The default value is your Unix login name.
-O var=option, –set-variable var=option
Set the value of a variable. The possible variables are listed below. Please note that –set-variable is deprecated since MySQL 4.0, just use –var=option on its own.
-v, –verbose
Verbose mode. Print out more information on what the program does.
-V, –version
Print version information and exit.
-w, –where=’where-condition’
Dump only selected records. Note that quotes are mandatory:
-X, –xml
Dumps a database as well formed XML
-x, –first-slave
Locks all tables across all databases.
“–where=user=’jimf’” “-wuserid>1″ “-wuserid<1"
-O net_buffer_length=#, where # < 16M
When creating multi-row-insert statements (as with option --extended-insert or --opt), mysqldump will create rows up to net_buffer_length length. If you increase this variable, you should also ensure that the max_allowed_packet variable in the MySQL server is bigger than the net_buffer_length.
The most normal use of mysqldump is probably for making a backup of whole databases.
Code:
mysqldump --opt database > backup-file.sql
You can read this back into MySQL with:
Code:
mysql database < backup-file.sql
or
mysql -e "source /patch-to-backup/backup-file.sql" database
However, it's also very useful to populate another MySQL server with information from a database:
mysqldump --opt database | mysql --host=remote-host -C database
It is possible to dump several databases with one command:
mysqldump --databases database1 [database2 ...] > my_databases.sql
If all the databases are wanted, one can use:
Code:
mysqldump –all-databases > all_databases.sql
Mysql Database Import and Backup
Code:
Import database backup
./mysql -uUserName -pPassword DatabaseName < /s/domainname.com/httpdocs/DatabaseName.sql
Backup database
./mysqldump -uUserName -pPassword DatabaseName > /s/domainname.com/httpdocs/databasename.sql
Backup Table
./mysqldump -uUserName -pPassword DatabaseName TableName > /s/domainname.com/httpdocs/databasename.sql
Kernel is the core of operating system; it is the program that controls the basic services that are utilised by user programs; it is this suite of basic services in the form of system calls that make an operating system “UNIX”.
The kernel is also responsible for:
-CPU resource scheduling (with the associated duties of process management)
-Memory management (including the important implementation of protection)
-Device control (including providing the device-file/device-driver interface)
-Security (at a device, process and user level)
-Accounting services (including CPU usage and disk quotas)
-Inter Process Communication (shared memory, semaphores and message passing)
The Unix kernel acts as a mediator for your programs. First, it does the memory management for all of the running programs (processes), and makes sure that they all get a fair share of the processor’s cycles. In addition, it provides a nice, fairly portable interface for programs to talk to your hardware.
The kernel is physically a file that is usually located in the /boot directory. Under Linux, this file is called vmlinuz.
bash-2.05a# ls -l /boot/vm*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3007276 Mar 14 04:10 vmlinux-2.4.18-27.7.x
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Mar 28 23:20 vmlinuz -> vmlinuz-2.4.18-27.7.x
You can see in this instance that the “kernel file” is actually a link to another file containing the kernel image. The actual kernel size will vary from machine to machine. The reason for this is that the size of the kernel is dependant on what features you have compiled into it, what modifications you’ve make to the kernel data structures and what (if any) additions you have made to the kernel code.
vmlinuz is referred to as the kernel image. At a physical level, this file consists of a small section of machine code followed by a compressed block. At boot time, the program at the start of the kernel is loaded into memory at which point it uncompresses the rest of the kernel.
An umcompressed kernel is really a giant object file; the product of C and assembler linking – the kernel is not an “executable” file (i.e. you just can’t type vmlinuz at the prompt to run the kernel). The actual source of the kernel is stored in the /usr/src/ directory; a typical listing may produce:
[bash-2.05a# /usr/src/ ls -l
total 8
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Mar 28 23:19 linux-2.4 -> linux-2.4.18-27.7.x
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096 Mar 28 23:19 linux-2.4.18-27.7.x
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Mar 28 23:08 redhat
/usr/src/linux is a soft link to /usr/src/ - this means you can store several kernel source trees - however - you MUST change the soft link of /usr/src/linux to the version of the kernel you will be compiling as there are several components of the kernel source that rely on this.
Take note of the /boot/vmlinux* file - this is the uncompressed kernel! Notice the size? [vmlinuz is the .z (or compressed) version of vmlinux plus the decompression code]
Within this directory hierarchy are in excess of 1300 files and directories which consists of around 400 C source code files, 370 C header files, 40 Assembler source files and 46 Makefiles. These, when compiled, produce around 300 object files and libraries.
While this may seem like quite a bit of code, much of it actually isn’t used in the kernel. Quite a large portion of this is driver code; only drivers that are needed on the system are compiled into the kernel, and then only those that are required at run time (the rest can be placed separately in things called modules).
In the case of Linux, the following steps are performed to boot the kernel:
1) The boot loader program (e.g. lilo or grub) starts by loading the vmlinuz from disk into memory, then starts the code executing.
2) After the kernel image is decompressed, the actual kernel is started. This part of the code was produced from assembler source; it is totally machine specific. Technically at this point the kernel is running. This is the first process (0) and is called swapper. Swapper does some low level checks on the processor, memory and FPU availability, then places the system into protected mode. Paging is enabled.
3) Interrupts are disabled (every one) though the interrupt table is set up for later use. The entire kernel is realigned in memory (post paging) and some of the basic memory management structures are created.
4) At this point, a function called start_kernel is called. start_kernel is physically located in /usr/src/linux-2.4.18-27.7.x/init/main.c and is really the core kernel function – really the equivalent of the void main(void). main.c itself is virtually the root file for all other source and header files.
5) start_kernel sets up the memory, interrupts and scheduling. In effect, the kernel has now has multi-tasking enabled. The console already has had several messages displayed to it.
6) The kernel command line options are parsed (those passed in by the boot loader) and all embedded device driver modules are initialised.
7) Further memory initialisations occur, socket/networking is started and further bug checks are performed.
8. The final action performed by swapper is the first process creation with fork whereby the init program is launched. Swapper now enters an infinite idle loop.
It is interesting to note that as a linear program, the kernel has finished running! The timer interrupts are now set so that the scheduler can step in and pre-empt the running process. However, sections of the kernel will be periodically executed by other processes.
1) Use the IP address instead of the Domain name, if you are able to do that then, it means that the domain name is not active or not propagated. For a new domain name, it takes weeks to release by InterNIC and propagated to DNS. For a existing domain, it is a possibility that is being held at InterNIC. In this situation, InterNIC can be contacted for the same.
2) After 72 hours of release by InterNIC, and still not able to see the website through the domain name, then clear browser cache.
For Netscape Navigator -
Options>Network Preference>Cache Tab>Clear Memory Cache Now and Clear Disk Cache Now>OK>Reload.
For Internet Explorer -
Select view>Options>Navigation Tab>Clear History>OK>Refresh.
3) If the website is not accessible by you and by others, you will need to contact your Local ISP.
4) If unable to access the website through domain name or IP address, there might be connectivity issues.
5) Keep a regular update of the Bodhost.com web hosting forum in the Network Status section before submitting a ticket.
s or dir – list files
cd dirname – change directory
chmod XXX name – CHMOD a file or directory
rm name – Remove file or empty folder
rm -r name – Remove folder with files in it
./filename.cgi – debug CGI scrip